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Self-poisoning with pesticides is a major public health problem in developing countries with an estimated 300 000 deaths occurring in the Asia–Pacific region alone each year. The case fatality is very high in all centres despite large variations in treatment. However, there are no published human trials.
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Antioxidants such as acetylcysteine and salicylate might be beneficial through free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory and NF-κB inhibitory actions. Immunosuppression with dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide and methylprednisolone is widely practised, but evidence for efficacy is very weak. Elimination methods such as haemodialysis and haemoperfusion are unlikely to change the clinical course. Activated charcoal and Fuller's earth are routinely given to minimize further absorption. Plasma paraquat concentrations, urine and plasma dithionite tests and clinical features provide a good guide to prognosis.
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Paraquat also causes renal and liver injury. Paraquat is actively taken up against a concentration gradient into lung tissue leading to pneumonitis and lung fibrosis. Kinetics of distribution into these target tissues can be described by a two-compartment model. Paraquat generates reactive oxygen species which cause cellular damage via lipid peroxidation, activation of NF-κB, mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in many organs. Clinical features are largely due to intracellular effects. Paraquat is rapidly but incompletely absorbed and then largely eliminated unchanged in urine within 12–24 h. We conducted a systematic search for human studies that report toxicokinetics, mechanisms, clinical features, prognosis and treatment. The very high case fatality of paraquat is due to inherent toxicity and lack of effective treatments. Poisoning by paraquat herbicide is a major medical problem in parts of Asia while sporadic cases occur elsewhere.